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BASIC BY ISOTYPE
OTTO NEURATH
MINIATURES735°
itigy
Y3 1386.
BASIC BY ISOTYPE
BY
OTTO NEURATH
Director of the International Foundation
for Visual Education,
Writer of “International Picture Language”
LONDON:
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., Ltd.
BROADWAY HOUSE, CARTER LANE, E.|
1937
— ONNECTION WITH PSYCHE
ASTER Review of General and Applied Psycholo;NOTE
Basic English, for which Dr. Neurath
has made this book of international
pictures, is a simple but natural form of
English designed for international use.
English is the most talked language of the
British earth. By cutting its 250,000 words down to
850 and doing without its complex ‘ verb ’-
American system, Basic may well become a second
Scientific language for all. The list of books on the
last page gives some idea of its range.
International As with any language, there are more
ways than one of teaching Basic, though
Commercial all will necessarily be based on the develop-
ment outlined in The ABC of Basic English.
A line of attack which is good for one
learner may not be good for another, and
the hundred
«One unlooked-for developmenttheofway
‘years between 2000meandin 2100 was in which if a knowledge of Basic is to be given in
‘Basic English beca that short time the common the shortest possible time it is important
Tanguage for use between natio ns. . . . By 2020 to give attention to the needs of different
for
almost everyone was able to make use of Basic sorts of learners. For this reason a wide
talking and writing.” —H. G. Wells. selection of teaching material will be pro-
e.
Put into Basic from The Shape of Things to Com duced. Basic Step by Step gives an example
of teaching by reading, and other step-
by-step systems are on the way.
The Basic teaching apparatus will not
be complete, however, till the help which
pictures may give has been fully taken
into account. Dr. Neurath is one of the
5
Printed in Great Britain by
R, I. SEVERS, CAMBRIDGE
ELE EE EEEs—“OSOS SS
——
NOTE
great experts in the science of teaching
by pictures, and his Isotype signs, in Basic by Isotype is an example of the
addition to their international design and way in which pictures may be of help in
their power to make themselves clear, making the sense of words and statements
have a simple quality which makes them clear. This book is not able to give more
pleasing to the eye. The work he has done than a rough outline. It does not give any
for Basic is of very great value. of the rules of Basic, and it does not give
Not all the Basic words are covered by examples of all the ways in which the
the Isotype pictures in this book, and pos- 850 words may be used. For these purposes
sibly there are parts of Basic which are t there are the two books The ABC of Basic
outside the range of Isotype. The purpose English and The Basic Words. Basic by
of the book is to give teachers an example Isotype is for use in connection with these.
of one sort of good picture-teaching. Isotype is an international picture
Some will take its development further language (see International Picture Lan-
themselves. Others will be better able to guage, Number 83 of the Psyche Miniatures,
make use of Isotype in a system in which General Series) which makes use of a great
some part is played by other picture number of signs in such a way that the
material, such as match-stick pictures, same sign is at all times representative of
motion pictures, and the Chinese ‘Seven the same thing. The signs are clear and
Picture-Makers’ (for which, see the ABC simple, and so designed that the most
and Step by Step). A general account of important points are seen straight away
all these different sorts of pictures and and are kept in the memory. A picture-
their use in language-teaching will be book using Isotype signs is specially
given in Basic by Pictures, which will put important for persons who have the
before the public the fruits of our exper- desire to go forward not only with the
ience in this interesting field. help of a teacher but by themselves.
C. K. OGDEN. It will be noted that for picture teaching
The Orthological Institute, a special organization of the material is
10, King’s Parade, necessary. For example, the word-parallel
Cambridge, England. 7
6of the pictures naturally makes use of ISOTYPE BASIC
the third person (“the boy is making
a picture”) more frequently than of the
first and second (I, (we, you,) make ball
pictures”). To make clear the sense
of some of the quality words, more than
one example is given. The quality com-
mon to the things in these examples is the
quality in question.
Basic by Isotype is part of the Isotype
system of educaton through the eye, stick
worked out by the International Founda-
tion for the Promotion of Visual Education-
and its Institutes.
I am in debt to Miss L. W. Lockhart of
the Orthological Institute, and to Miss
M. Reidemeister of the International
Foundation for Visual Education, and to
Mr. G. Arntz and Mr. E. Bernath, the
flag
Isotype-designers, all of whom have
given much time and attention to this
work. The interest of Mr. C. K. Ogden in
the questions covered by this book has
been of special value to me.
OTTO NEURATH.
International Foundation for the ring
Promotion of Visual Education,
267 Obrechistraat,
The Hague, Holland.
8window
bottle
tray
frame
table
board
boy girl
(See page 38)
ilTHICK, THIN
BALLS, BOYS thick stick—thin stick
i esx
Gs) balls
boys
| (rings, flags, tables, girls. .
I A, THE
Ee e na+e thick board — thin board
\!
| TAN
WIDE, NARROW
wide board—narrow board
1 sun moon __ stars
\\ ! Se
ee S the sun
| wis
C the moon
+ astar
12
1
wide wncow — narrow windowROUND, SQUARE
round tray = square tray
Ot} —leg
boy table
—neck
round table — square table
IS, ARE, AND
The sun is round. The moon is round. The sun
and the moon are round. A ball is round. A ring bottle
fowl
is round. Balls and rings are round. Balls are
round and rings are round. The tray isa square!
HAVE, HAS
Windows have frames. Boys and tables have
legs.Fowls and bottles and boys have necks.
1 Special uses and forms, and words getting fuil attention
The boy has legs. The bottle has a neck (see page
later, are in sloping print.’ Small print is used in teaching 91).
words which are nowhere pictured, thick print for words
coming in for the first time.
15
14ANIMALS
dog cow on ( milk
om 2 wool
cat
sheep
—
i _> «
pig
animal animals
dog dogs
cat cats
rat rats
sheep sheep !
17Wo.
=e
blackbird f
(see page
87)
Fowls and blackbirds are birds.
MA = ee ya fish
man
Ss snake
(sce pages 38, 91)
oo worm| goat goats
bee fish fishes
fly flies !
P man men!
A fly is an insect. Bees, ants, and flies are
insects. Birds, fishes, and insects are animals.
bee-house NO, ALL
(see pages 25,88)
Alll bees are insects. No fishes are insects. All
insects are animals. All birds have feathers (see
page 42). No cows have feathers. Men, cows,
and flies have legs. Fishes, snakes, and worms
have no legs.
NOT
A bee is not a bird. A round tray is not a
square tray. A thick stick is not a thin stick. Not
all animals are insects.
21PLANTS leaf
fields
Wf
we V/
Wi/ W7/
MO om
stem
field
flower
y stem
grain*
grain leaves
field (see page 26)
root
rice y .
Tice
field
leaves
branches
(see page 26)
trees a FS |
stem
* See pages 56, 91.
root
22 23HOUSE AND GARDEN
house garden.
roof
berries trees
(see page 26)
window
railing
(see page
door
98)
steps flowers
(see pages
@ =
44, 91)
a brick
brick
wall
apple
a stone
(see page
91)
orange
stone
wall
eS (see page 37)
skin
‘Apples and oranges are fruit.
25,
‘The orange is round.
24ROOMS
bath-room* bed-room*
curtain blade
window
knife
wea SC floor floor
hammer
bath basin table seat bed
cushion bed-cover*
All houses have roofs. Gardens have no roofs. plane
The cushion is soft. The seat is hard.
tree trees
plant plants
step steps
bath baths spade
branch branches !
leaf leaves!
berry berries !
grass grasses | earth
* See page 88.
26PIPES 1
——_ il
a wide*
pipe
| aaseenell screw
O—w key
a, hook
4
we
VA a narrow*
pipe
=
we
hammer hammers
knife knives ! 4
Knives and spades have blades.
Knives have sharp blades.
Knives, hammers, planes, and spades are
instruments.
(2 BS
See page 13.cover
comb
—
Sd
pipe pipes
box boxes!
Pipes are hollow. Boxes are hollow.
sponge
rod
pump
soap
combs
plough
brush brushes !
blade wheel
30 31—— =
a ic
enue fork
a _
32}
é TRANSPORT
sugar cart
bits of (see page 37)
(see pages 79, 97)
sugar
| A cart has wheels.
| Ay car iage
a basin
(A)
iD salt A carriage has wheels.
automobile
(6) © (see page 111)
aS } An automobile has wheels.
atin |
(see pages 91, 106) fh >
| train
i eee COOK,
oH page
rail
. Bread, milk, eggs, meat, andén (sfrui t are food. | .
Fe -engine (see pages 88, 109)
ee page 69) a tin. 5 (see page 91) railway
at, fruifrutit) ) is etn (ero race?)
i (milk, meat,
Food | carriageOF
ATE
head of a man
sail(s)
ship
sailing-ship
os head of a cow
(see pages 88, 98)
ship
steamship
(see pages 83, 88) wheel of a railway
carriage with (see
page 67) brake(s)
The head is a part of a man. The skin of an
airship orange is a part of an orange. Oranges, apples,
(seepages88, 109) horses and men have skins.
Ps
airplane
group of trees
(sce page 88)feteta’
nah
BODY OF A MAN
bee
hair
group of men head face
4 ) left hand
left arm
back chest
he
right hand
knee
leg
—
ot ——_,
man woman boy girl baby head heads
foot feet !
NAME
body bodies!
Charles is a name of men and boys. Ann is a
name of women and girls. back (see pages 43, 121)
bit bits
girl girls
woman women ft
baby babies!
39
38HA N
OF MAN
A D
HEAD OF A MAN
thumb
thumb-nail
finger
finger-nail
tip
teh Mouth The thumb is
lip
straight.
The fingers
are bent.
ech
Men have eyes, ears, mouths and teeth. The
mouth is between (see page 66) the nose and the
chin, The neck is between the head and the
chest. The teeth and the tongue are in the
mouth.
finger fingers
mouth mouths thumbs
thumb
tooth teeth 1
thumb-nail (see pages 88, 91)
finger-nail (see pages 88, 91)
—
41
40BODY OF A COW TOP, BACK, FRONT, SIDE
cupboard
top (see page 88)
front
ele side doors
BODY OF A BIRD
a feet drawer
eel
(see page 91)
| wat
back side
|
| feather
.
(see page 91) feet
42
43 B2.
f |
The front is opposite the back. The right side
] is opposite the left side. WEATHER
‘The right arm is on (see page 68) the right side
(see page 121) of the body. sky
The left arm is on the left side of the body. SN wz
Wings and tails are parts of the bodies of birds. sue). ae @ ma light
|
|
7
HEN aS The sky
SHORT, LONG isclear.
e air |
is clear.
short long 1
} hair hair
shade
|
i}
\ leaves >
>
od
| a step , wind
smoke
} (see page
97)
lesb o |
|
||
OR
short step i s not a l o ng step. Pip es are long or
Hair is short or long. A step is short or long. A
deat oe Ne ||
short, wide or narrow.
Icloud(s)
athe i
in the sky.
COLOURS
i rain
S) white ball
\, | © red ball
|
eS black ball
>) red stick
p) black stick
Lips are red. Earth is brown. The sky is blue.
The leaves of trees are green. Grass is green. |
The colour of an orange is orange. |
i} Milk and snow are white.
A wind is a current of air. Rain is wet. Dust
| }
is dry. I
Rain and snow are water (see page 83).
46 47SIZE, FORM, SAME, DIFFERENT
The boards have the
same colour and the
light room same size
(see page 45)
The boards have the
same colour and diff-
erent sizes
Theboardshavediff-
erent colours and
the same size
dark room
The boards have
different coloursand
different sizes
The boards have
light grey a| the same colour, the
| same form (see page
| 115), and different
sizes
dark grey
formurs and
boards have
rent colo
diffesame
The
| oN the
shades of grey (see page 91)
49
48DRESS
shirt
ri coat
a dress
= Cc
(sce page 121)
trousers
edge
y skirt
overcoat
(see pages 68, 88)
edge
Skirts have edges. Tables have edges.
Women have dresses and skirts.
The coat and the overcoat have pockets.
The shirt and the coat have buttons. colour colours
‘Trousers are short or long. skirt skirts
dress dresses !
50 51hat
2
collar
y
.e lo se col ar
oe tight col ar
yrneedle and thread
hole point
glove
head ———_ pin
point
(sce page
91)
scissors
handbag
(see page 87)
band
umbrella
roll of cloth
some cloth
(see pages 79, 81)
ring
(see page 121)
GOOD, BAD, IT
‘A good needle is straight. It is not bent.
A tight collar is not good. It is bad.
watch and chain
‘A bent needle is bad. It is not good.
watch-chain FOR
(see page 88) Wool (see page 17) is good for thick dresses,
stockings and skirts.
glove gloves Skirts are for women and trousers are for men.
watch watches !
54WATER, WINE, TEA AMOUNT
water-bottle rice
(see page 88)
r] grain of rice
glass
(see page glass
91)
wine-bottle
(see page 88)
é 0
a drop of wine a drop of water
SMALL, GREAT
A grain of rice is a small amount. A drop of
A water-bottle is a bottle for water. A bottle wine is a small amount. A mass of coal (see page
of water is a bottle with (see page 67) water in it. 106), of sugar, of earth, is a great amount.
A cup of tea.
Tea is a drink, Water, wine, and milk are
LITTLE, MUCH
drinks,
little wine much wine
an in a glass
in a glass
tea-pot
(see pages 88, 109)
56GIVE, GET MAKE
picture
a bone
red paint make a picture
paint-brush
(see page 88)
Ww
give a bone get a bone
The boy gives (is giving) a bone to (see page 69)
the dog.
| Pg
structure
make a structure
The dog gets (is getting) a bone from (see page
69) the boy.
The girls give (are giving) milk to the cats.
The cats get (are getting) milk from the girls.
‘Gives’ is a form of ‘give.’ ‘Is’ and ‘are’
HQ
are forms of ‘ be.”
knot
red cord make a knot
KEEP
(see"page 79)
keep a ball
The boy gives the black ball
to the girl and keeps (is keeping)
the red ball. ‘The boy makes (ismaking) a picture (a structure,
The boy lets (sce page 60) the girl have a knot).
the
black ball. Girls make cakes.
Women keep dresses in drawers.
58GO, COME SAY
station
HAT©
say “ Hallo!”
come to the station go from the station The boy says (is saying) ‘ Hallot” to the girl.
‘Trains come and go. Men say “ Hallo!” into the éelephone (see page 111).
f vat The dog goes (is going)
from the boy.
PSTO
The dog comes (is coming)
>~ to the boy.
LET
re) a p~ a letter
j ae
let a dog go through
(see page 67) a door. The eye sees (is seeing) a letter.
Birds see insects.
‘The boy lets (is letting) the S, T, Pare letters. ‘And’ is a word.
dog go through the door. A, N, D are the letters of the word ‘ and.’
‘Windows let light come into (see pages 69, 88) rooms.
60 61SEEM
letters
Is E
reading-glass
I, YOU, WE (see pages 88, 101)
The boy is saying: seem great
“Thave a red ball.” Through the reading-glass, T and Y seem great.
The letter T_seems great.
o
BUT
‘The size of T, Y and the size of I, S, O, P, E
seem different, but T, Y and I, S, O, P, E have
The boy is saying:
the same'size. Stars seem small but are great.
“You have a black
ball.” SEND
@
play i 4 a
sendball
The boy and the girl
are saying: ‘‘ We The boy sends (is sending) a ball to the girl.
have a red ball and
a black ball.”
‘We have eyes and noses, Postcard (see pages 88, 111)
letter (see page 91)
We get milk from cows.
ME , parcel
We send letters
(postcards, parcels)
by post.
62 63) MAY, WILL
.
TAKE, PUT Sign for “‘ Do not go!”
(see page 79)
take bread off (see page 68)
the table
The train may go #o the left or fo the right.
—
put bread on (see page 68)
the table
The train may go éo the left but it may not
goto the right.
i} The train will go to the left. |
The boy takes (is taking) bread off the table.
The boy puts (is putting) bread on the table.
We take food off plates.
We put food on plates. The boy will have a
drink.
i
The boys may have food.
z The boys will have food.
64 65i
DIRECTIONS, POSITIONS
boy against a tree
Boy ata
pump
boy between boy with a stick
girls
boy going through a door
girls
be
boy going up the steps
Trees
are about
the garden.
=e
A wall is boy going down the steps
round
the garden.
67bridge
a» SOIoe bridge boy going into
a carriage
across a
arch Sev
MoM
4
Tiver
MM ww
wwe we
river Mon
wow
ww
boy in a car-
riage
boy on a bridge
boy getting
out an a
carriage
boy off a bridge
boy under a bridge
bridge over a boy
boy going
from a house
to a tree
ANN boy by a riverMen go in, men go out.
of men go in opposite directions.
The groups
train
in motion (e)
The boy is in the automobile.
wheels in motion
The boy gets out of the automobile.
The boy goes from the automobile to the air
plane.
The boy is in the airplane.
70 71ACTS
The boy is
out of the
airplane.
TheTM boy is
over the
house.
as a fall
The boy is
a slip
down.| a wash
a jump
aswim
a drink
a swim
a sleep igs (see page 91)
The boy is having a walk, a run, a fall, a roll,
aslip, a jump, a swim, a bath, a wash, a drink, a
sleep.
‘The cat is having a sleep.
75
74ee.
a push
(cart)
a shake
(tree, leaves)
a pull
(cart)
a bite
a twist
(cord)
a blow
a turn
(wheel)
-
a kick a kiss
(ball)
77 cl
NSx a crush
ahd.
=
a lift
(weight, see ] The glass is
pages 91, 92, 117) j S oY broken.
Za) oS a broken glass
a stretch )
A some bits of
(spring, broken glass
see page 101)
were Famer
arub a broken cord
(table) ‘The boy is giving the cart a push, the cart a
pull, the cord a twist, the wheel a turn, the ball
a kick, the tree a shake, the dog a blow, the
woman a kiss, the weight a lift, the spring a
a touch stretch, the table a rub.
(cup)
DO
We do acts. The boy does (is doing) an act.
a touch A pull, a push, a walk are acts.
(knife) We do not go out in the rain. Rain and snow
do not come from a sky with no clouds. Trees do
not keep their leaves in the winter (see page 90).HEARING
SMELL
‘The sense of smell is in the nose (see page 40).
y Not all flowers (see page 23) have a smell. Some
:q ear flowers have a good smell and some flowers have
Ears are for hearing. a bad smell.
TASTE
The sense of taste is in the tongue. The
tongue is in the mouth (see page 40). The skin of
an orange (see page 24) has a bitter taste. The
taste of sugar (see page 34) is sweet. Some oranges
bell are sweet, some are acid, Not all berries are
sweet.
TOUCH
I give the cup a touch (see page 78). The
The sound fingers have a sense of touch. A brick is rough, a
comesfrom the glass is smooth. A tooth is hard, a lip is soft (see
@) bell to the ear. page 26).
Seeing, hearing, smell, taste, and touch are the
q oeees Theearis hear- senses of man.
ing the sound.
‘The hearing (see page 91) of dogs is good.
80 81HEAT i
|
a flame cold water
|
warm water |
a fire
(see page 84) A a
steam |
( ) a match e.
=EY matches in a box
ice water boiling water
match matches ! The heat of boiling water is very great.
82 83TOWN
street hospital
|
QO
Q
QOO0O0O9 OOOO
garden
church
aS i square
station (seepage 121)
a kettle on the fire
a cake in the oven
market theatre houses
(see page 111)
church
station
pot hospital
bucket basket
MEAL, TOGETHER
The woman takes the food for the meal out of
the oven. Knives and forks and plates of food
are together on the table. The meal is on the
table. The men and women at the table are
market theatre
having a meal together. Churches, stations and houses are buildings.
Stations are public buildings. A public building
84 is for all men, a private building is not for all.
85COMPLEX, SIMPLE
‘A spoon is a simple thing. A cloth-making
COUNTRY machine (see page 108) is a complex thing.
sky with clouds Machines are more complex than instruments (see
page 93).
LE tains COMPLEX WORDS
: atlitra~ ten
(see pages
horse shoe horseshoe
cows pr A, 91, 103)
rf @)
farm
bridge ~e oF
oES road
with
Ss J trees
SSSSSSSSS as
mouth of island with trees
¥
a river
a
(see page 91)
An island is a bit of land with water round it.
The farm is in the country.
Cows, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, fowls, are
farm animals, Eggs, milk, grain, apples, berries
hand baz handbag
are farm produce.
‘A horseshoe is a shoe for a horse. A handbag
England is a country (see page 91). isa bag.
France and India are countries. ‘Horse’ is a simple word. ‘ Shoe ’ is a simple
word.
country—countries ! * Horseshoe’ is a complex word. ‘ Handbag’ is
| church—churches | a complex word.
‘Blackbird’ and ‘airship’ are complex
words (see pages 19, 36).
| 86 87WORDS, STATEMENTS, LANGUAGE
A, R, P, a, r, p are letters. ‘And,’ ‘red,’
‘animal’ are words. ‘Men have legs’ is a
statement.
Examples of complex words are:
“ Stick,’ ‘ ball,’ ‘ bottle,’ ‘ window’ are words
bee house (p. 20), bath-room, bed-room, which are names of things.
bed-cover (p. 26), railway, railway-engine (p. 35),
‘ Narrow,’ ‘ wide,’ ‘ good,’ ‘ soft’ are words
sailing-ship, steamship, airship, airplane (p. 36),
which are names of qualities.
finger-nail, thumb-nail (p. 41), cupboard (p. 43),
‘Thin’ and ‘thick’ are opposite qualities
overcoat (p. 50), watch-chain (p. 54), water- (see page 44). The opposite of ‘ good’ is ‘ bad”
bottle, wine-bottle, tea-pot (p. 56), paint-brush
(see page 55).
(p. 59), into (p, 69), reading-glass (p. 63), post-
ISOTYPE is a picture language. BASIC is
card (p. 68),
a word language.
OPPOSITES
FARM
farm-house pump
a box with a cover
The box is open.
icemtah ES
enelE| a box with a cover
tee
“xt The box is shut.
cow-house out-house plough Examples of opposites are :
right—left (pages 39, 44), thick—thin (page 13),
wide—narrow (page 13), short—long (page 44),
good—bad (page 55), straight—bent (page 41),
warm—cold (page 83), same—different (page 49),
tight—loose (page 53).
89Some Expansions :
EXPANSION
EXPANSIONS arm (of body) arms (for war, p. 110)
carriage (horse-) carriage (of train, p. 35)
SPRING, SUMMER, FALL, WINTER country (not town) country (nation, p. 86)
dress (of woman, p. 51)
sGus
dress (clothing)
earth (substance) earth (the earth, p. 111)
at
face (of a body) face (front, p. 118)
foot (of body) foot (base, p. 43)
glass (substance) glass (vessel, p. 57)
glasses (for seeing, p. 105)
grain (small bit} grain (plant, p. 22)
hand (of body) hand (of clock, p. 118)
Tree with small leaves—spring
head (of man, animal) head (of a pin, p. 55)
(expansion of ‘ spring,’ p. 78, 101)
hearing (act) hearing (sense, p. 80)
Tree thick with leaves—summer
letter (a, b, c) letter (for post, p. 63)
The fall of leaves—the fall
man (opposite of woman) man (animal, p. 18)
(expansion of‘ fall’ p. 73)
mouth (of body) mouth (of a river, p. 86)
No leaves—winter. :
nail (hammer and nail) nail (finger-nail, p. 41)
neck (of body) neck (of a bottle, p. 15)
note (writing) note (of music, p. 102)
roll (of cloth) oll (act, p. 75)
scale (of degrees) scale (measuring apparatus,
p. 92)
shade (of a tree) shade (of a colour, p. 48)
The boy makes a snowman in the winter. soft (touch) soft (sound, p. 102)
stem (of plant) stem (long thin part, p. 42)
step (act) step (of a house, p. 25)
‘The ‘leg’ of a table is an expansion of the stone (substance) stone (bit of stone, p. 25)
word ‘ leg.” tin (metal) a tin (p. 34)
use (act) use (purpose, p. 121)
weight (quahty) weight (for measuring, p. 117)
wood (substance) wood (group of trees, p. 86)
91COMPARISON, THAN
WEIGHT
scales
(see pages 116, 91)
Statements of comparison :
The square table has more legs than the
round table.
The round table has less legs than the
square table.
an apple on the
scales
The weight of the &%
left side is not equal young; old
to the weight on the tree tree
right side.
an apple and a ball young old |
on the scales man man
‘A young man is younger than an old man. An
old man is older than a young man. A baby is
The weight of the apple is equal to the younger than a boy. A boy is younger than a
weight of the ball. The apple and the ball young man.
have the same weight.
93
92cate, (Se)
Less apples are on the tray than in the
basket and more apples are on the tray
than on the plate. The basket has the most
a high mountain—a low mountain apples. The plate has the least apples.
_The mountain with the white top is
higher than the mountain with the black Degrees (see page 116) of quality-words :
top high—higher—highest
low—lower—lowest
long—longer—longest
short—shorter—shortest
much—more—most !
little—less—least !
SS good—better—best !
bad—worse—worst !
group of mountains open—more open—most open
bent—less bent—least bent
_ The mountain with the white top is the
highest of all the mountains in the group.
* Higher’ is the same as ‘ more high.’
“Least short’ is the same as ‘ longest.
AS
The trees are not as high as the mountains.
94 95-ING, -ED, -ER
Stones are kicked by boys. A stone is kicked
smoke
by a boy. “The boy is giving the stick a kick”
1s the same as “ the boy is kicking the stick.” flame
Kicking horses are ‘ kickers.’
“The boy is giving the cart a pull” is the bits of wood
same as" the boy is pulling the cart.”
smoker
The horse is giving the plough a pull.
The plough is pulled by the horse.
piper
A fishing net is for fishing.
for netting fish.
A fishing net is
Fishermen get fish in nets or
Y
with rods The smoker is smoking a pipe.
The piper is playing a pipe.
The sounds the piper makes are music.|
SCHOOL, TEACHING, LEARNING
blackboard
wood-cutter
red chalk
Wood is cut by a wood-cutter. The cow a teacher
is milked by a milker. Books (see page 101)
are printed by printers. Pictures are
painted by painters (see page 5
We are watering the flowers.
We are sugaring the milk.
“Bottling wine” is the same as
“ putting wine in bottk
“Sailing” is going by ship. Ships with
Is are sailing-ships (see page 36).
‘Railing’ is putting a rail round.
The railing of a garden or a bridge a learner
(pages 25 and 68) is an expansion.
This is a picture of a teacher and a learner in: a
school. Teachers give knowledge by teaching and
learners get knowledge by learning. The teacher
has,a sponge in the left hand and a bit of white
chalk in the right ha Th- tea may ta!
the red chalk,
99
98
P=READING
pot
WRITING
SD pencil |
reading 'C,
book
point ~<a pen
Ez,
shelf for books
(bookshelf)
A library is a room or building for books, A
ink paper with writing library has bookshelves.
shelf—shelves !
The pen has a point. A pointed pencil is a
library—libraries !
pencil with a point. A pencil may have a sharp
point. We may do writing with a pencil, or with AMUSEMENT
ink and a pen, or with a machine.
The learner makes short notes with a pencil cover spring of
on bits of paper.
twisted wire
note—notes
a plaything
A plaything gives amusement to boys, girls,
and babies. Theatres and music are for the
amusement of men and women.
100 101 xNOTES
Notes (see pages 100, 91) of music are SUBSTANCES
signs for sounds.
p> WooD
ee Highssoun
———
SS = board
of wood
low sound
i seat
of wood
long sound shortsound
PPR
wood
Wood is good for making tables, seats and
frames of windows (see page 11). Wood comes
: soft sound
{see pages 26, 91)
loud sound
from trees.
102 103IRON
rail
of iron
U a glass
¥
bridge
of iron
a wineglass
| electric
/ OD ee
| iron
=O
wire
areading-glass
Iron is good for making rails, bridges, and Glass is good for making vessels and windows.
| railway carriages. Iron is hard. Steel is very Glasses and bottles are vessels.
hard iron. Steel is good for making knives,
scissors and needles,
104 105silk-worm on a leaf
Silk is a sort of thread.
We make silk stockings, silk shirts,
and silk
dresses. Wool is good for warm winter dresses.
Iron is a metal and tin is a metal.
‘Wood, iron, glass, stone are solid substances.
Milk, water, wine are liquids.
Air and steam are gases (see page 111).
hole in cloth
MINE, WORK
coal in a cart
() button and a mass of coal
button-hole
We get coal from coal-mines by mining. A
mine is a hole in the earth. Mining is a sort
of work. Wood-cutting, fishing, and teaching are
different sorts of work. The workers in mines
are miners,
gas—gases
a stitch
106 107MACHINES
nooonno00n
000000 automatic machine
p00
boiling water in pot
»
flame
boiler wheel
cloth-making
steam-engine
machine
steamer
roll of cloth
or steamship
Ships with steam-engines are steamers.
Machines do work in less time than men. There is a steam-engine inside a railway:
‘We do more work by the use of machines. engine.
Cloth-making is a complex process.
108
109 D1GUN THE EARTH
~~ birds
gun
man
map of the earth
north
gun
(machine-gun)
west +-east
gun south
The black parts are land, the white
parts are sea.
INTERNATIONAL WORDS
Guns and machine-guns are arms (see page 91).
automobile (page 35), tea (page 56),
Machine-guns are for war.
telephone (page 61), post (page 63),
theatre (page 85), gas (page 107).
110one ball
NUMBERS
International Signs English Words
1, 2°38 one, two, three
4, 5, 6 four, five, six two balls
7, 8 9 seven, eight, nine
10, 11, 12 ten, eleven, twelve
100 hundred
Insects have six legs. Men have two legs. Cows three balls
have four legs, Fishes have no legs.
one thing
one boy
wih two things
7s
three things
112 113FORMS
straight
line
pages
angle
point
FIRST, SECOND
square
“ First page ’ is the same as “ page one.”
“ Second page ’ is the same as “ page fwvo.””
5 is more than 3. 3 is less than 5
101 is a little more than 100,
101 is much more than 1.
FIRST, LAST
KARA Ak
circle
All circles have the same form, but not all
circles have the same size. All squares have
The first boy has a flag. equal sides. An angle is between two straight
The last boy has a stick, lines.
115
114measure of weight
MEASURE
measure of distance
TTT [TTT sseaeit
degrees
scales
The second line is longer than the first.
The first line is shorter than the second.
A B c
—s
————
unit of weight
The distance between A and B is equal to the
é a weight
distance between B and C. The point B is the
middle of the line AC. A and C are the ends
of the line AC.
AC is twice AB, AB is half of AC.
measure of angles
Yeo a
‘The weight of B is twice the weight of A. The
weight of A is half the weight of B.
116 117measure of time
BEFORE, WHILE, AFTER
i
the boy before having a
watch drink
The boy is taking the
glass from the table.
the boy while having a
qe clock
drink
a
the boy after having a
drink
[ames ars}
Watches and clocks are for measuring time. The boy is putting the
‘Watches and clocks have springs. glass on the table.
12 marks (see page 121) are on the face (see
page 91) of the watch, and two hands (see page
91) go round. The long hand is for pointing to
the minutes, and the short hand is for pointing
to the hours.
119SPECIAL, GENERAL
‘Instrument’ is a general name.
FAMILY “ Knife,’ ‘fork,’ ‘scissors’ are names of
special sorts of instrument.
‘Fruit’ is a more general name than
* orange.’
SPECIAL USES OF WORDS
GENERAL USE SPECIAL USE
back (of anything) back (of body, p. 39)
dress (cover for body) _a dress (of a woman, p. 51)
mark (on anything) mark (on paper, p. 118)
rail (of wall and soon) rail (of railway, p. 35)
ring ring (for finger, p. 54)
side (of anything) side (of body, p. 44)
square (form) square (of houses, p. 85)
tiated
5 is the father of 1, 2, 3, 4. 6 is the this is.the end. of Basic by Shotyoe
mother of 1, 2, 3,4. 1 and 3 are sons of 5
and 6,2 and 4 are daughters of 5 and 6.
1 and 3 are brothers, 2 and 4 are sisters.
4 ae the brother of 2, 3, 4. 2is the sister of
13,4.
A father and a mother and sons and
daughters together are a family.
120
121
——
lc (iBASIC ENGLISH
THINGS QUALITIES
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